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Thursday, December 11, 2008
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
Verbs
Verbs are the most important words in a sentence. Verbs are the first of the eight parts of speech that we will be studying. Most verbs are action words, but a few verbs indicate state of being or existence. The first lessons will be about verbs, and how they are recognized and used.
Find the verbs in the following sentences. They are action verbs.
The wolf ran across the sand.
Sit down.
The dog barked at the man.
Answer:
The verbs in the sentences are ran, sit, and barked. All three verbs are action verbs since they show action. Action verbs are the most common verbs.
**************************
Find the verbs in these sentences. These verbs will be state of being verbs.
My uncle is a pilot.
The pie looks good.
You seem upset.
Answer:
The verbs in the sentences are is, looks, and seem. These verbs are state of being or linking verbs. Some common linking verbs are is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, seem, look, feel, and become. They do not show action. They just show that something exists.
********************
Pick out the verbs in these sentences and tell whether they are action verbs or linking verbs.
Suddenly someone sneezed loudly.
There are holes in my shirt.
He appears happy.
The image appeared in the mirror.
Answer:
The verbs are sneezed, are, appears, and appeared. Sneezed and appeared are action verbs. Are and appears are linking or state of being verbs. Some verbs like appear can be either action or linking verbs. It depends on whether it shows action or not. Appears above is like saying seems which shows no action while appeared above shows the action of the image.
**************************
Sometimes a verb can be more than one word. When a verb is more than one word, it is called a verb phrase. Verb phrases can be two, three, or four words. Verb phrases are made by using auxiliary or helping verbs. What are the verb phrases in these sentences?
You are going to Seattle.
You have been resting too much.
We must be early.
I will be finished shortly.
Answer:
The verb phrases are are going, have been resting, must be, and will be finished. These sentences all have what are called auxiliary or helping verbs. I will refer to them as helping verbs. There are twenty-three (23) helping verbs that should be memorized since they are used so often. If you memorize them, it will make knowing and understanding verbs much easier. They are usually grouped in the following five groups:
Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
Group 2: has, have, had
Group 3: do, does, did
Group 4: shall, will, should, would
Group 5: may, might, must, can, could
***********************
Some of the helping verbs can be used alone as the main verb. Is, am, are, was, and were can be used alone as linking or state of being verbs. Has, have, had, do, does, and did always show action when used alone. Be, being, and been can be used with other verbs either to show action or state of being. The other helping verbs cannot be used alone but only as helping verbs.
Find the verb or verb phrases in these sentences.
She has too many friends.
You do beautiful work.
I was in Canada last week.
You are being very stubborn.
Answer:
The verb and verb phrases were has, do, was, and are being. Has and do are action verbs, and was and are being are state of being verbs.
**************************************************************
List the verbs or verb phrases in the sentences, and tell whether they are action verbs or state of being verbs. For extra credit, find the helping verbs.
1. Jim plays basketball.
2. They will return on the airplane.
3. Badger is a funny dog.
4. I have been here a long time.
5. I should have been playing the drum.
6. Go home.
Answers:
1. plays - action
2. will return - action
3. is - linking or state of being
4. have been - state of being
5. should have been playing - action
6. go - action
The helping verbs are will, have, should, have, and been. The been in sentence 4 is not a helping verb because it is the main verb. The last verb in a verb phrase is always the main verb.
********************
Pick out the verb phrases in the following sentences. Watch for the helping verbs.
I can understand his concern.
She must have told you ten times.
We shall go tomorrow.
The wind was howling all night.
Answer:
Can understand, must have told, shall go, and was howling are the verb phrases.
********************
The use of helping verbs causes certain changes in verb phrases that we need to be able to recognize. One change is the use of contractions. List the contractions in the following sentences.
I've done it again.
You aren't going with us.
She's staying to tend the kids.
Answer:
I’ve, aren’t, and she’s are contractions.
As mentioned before, it’s a good idea to memorize the helping verbs. If you haven’t memorized them, take a few minutes to learn them.
Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
Group 2: has, have, had
Group 3: do, does, did
Group 4: shall, will, should, would
Group 5: may, might, must, can, could
**************************
A helping verb may be connected with another word in a contracted form. The following sentences have verb phrases using contractions. Find the verb phrases in each sentence. Determine if the verb phases are action verbs or state of being verbs.
I've done it again.
You aren't going with us.
She's staying to tend the kids.
Answer:
The verb phrases are 've (have) done, are going, and 's (is) staying. Have and is are in contracted form. Are is connected to the contracted form of not. All three verb phrases are action verbs.
*************************
In sentences that are questions, the verb phrase is often separated by another word. Find the verb phrases in these sentences. Be sure to watch for another word separating the helping verb from the main verb.
Have you been driving long?
Where was the car parked?
Can I be of assistance?
Answer:
The verb phrases in the sentences are have been driving, was parked, and can be. The words separating the verb phrases are nouns and pronouns. This is very common in sentences that are questions. The first two verbs are action verbs, and the last verb is a state of being verb.
***************
Sometimes verb phrases are separated by words called adverbs. We will learn more about adverbs in later lessons. They are used often with verbs; however, they are not considered part of the verb phrase. What are the verb phrases in the three sentences? Are the verbs action verbs or state of being verbs?
You have not helped your father today.
I will soon be home.
The child had suddenly choked on the food.
Answer:
The verb phrases are have helped, will be, and had choked. The first and third sentences are action verbs, and the second sentence a state of being verb.
***********
Quiz:
List the verb phrases in the following sentences.
1. My wife is reading in the hammock under the tree.
2. The message can't be altered.
3. Somewhere a party is being planned.
4. Shouldn't I be a clown for Halloween?
5. I've run out of time.
Now write down as many of the twenty-three helping verbs as you can.
Answer:
The verb phrases are is reading, can be altered, is being planned, should be, and 've (have) run.
The twenty-three helping verbs are is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, and could.
************
Not and its contracted form n't are never part of the verb. Pick out the verb phrases in these sentences.
The game will not be finished for another hour.
The horse shouldn't have been worked so much.
Wouldn't you give me another chance?
Answer:
The verb phrases are will be finished, should have been worked, and would give. Not and n't are not part of the verb phrase. Verb phrases can have one, two or three helping verbs in them.
************************
Verb phrases with two or more helping verbs always keep a definite order. Most helping verbs can combine with other helping verbs but will not combine with all of them. Look at the examples below which are good combinations.
is being said, has been said, will be said, could have been said, may have said, had been said.
Now arrange the following helping verbs with the word in parentheses into a verb phrase. One of the helping verbs will not combine and must be left out.
Example: was, have, may (gone) = may have gone - was will not combine in this group.
1. am, will, being (fired)
2. been, could, does, have (learning)
3. might, do, have, been (sleeping)
4. must, were, be (discovered)
5. be, has, should (sold)
Answer:
1. am being fired
2. could have been learning
3. might have been sleeping
4. must be discovered
5. should be sold
*****************
We can change the form of a verb. (These changes in form are used in conjugations. We will talk about conjugations in later lessons.) For example, a verb can have an s added to it as in eat, eats or run, runs. Other changes could be eating, ate, or eaten for the verb eat. Run could be changed to running, or ran. Irregular verbs which we will cover later have several confusing changes.
Find the verb or verb phrases in these sentences. Take note of the different verb forms for come and sent.
I am coming in the morning.
I came as soon as possible.
She comes by every day.
Send me the package in the mail.
The new part was sent to me.
I am sending Jeff with the neighbors.
Answer:
The answers are am coming, came, comes, send, was sent, and am sending.
*******************
In this lesson pick out only the helping verbs used in the verb phrases.
1. He should have tried again.
2. The dog had suddenly come into the yard.
3. Has anyone taken out the trash?
4. Could they have been pointing at our car?
5. She's hoping for a call from her sister.
Answer:
1. should have
2. had
3. has
4. could have been
5. 's (is)
********************
Let's look at some sentences to review what we have learned. Remember that verbs either show action or state of being. Using helping verbs, we make verb phrases. Verb phrases may be separated by other words. Verb phrases follow a definite order and change form. Find the verb phrases and tell what kind of verbs they are.
I can understand your concern.
Is Mrs. Johanson going with you?
The rooms cannot be held any longer.
I haven't seen him for an hour.
Answer:
can understand - action
is going - action
can be held - action
have seen - action
******************
Answer each question true or false.
1. Verbs never change form.
2. A verb is never just one word.
3. Verb phrases keep a definite order.
4. There are twenty-three helping verbs.
5. Helping verbs cannot be the main verb.
6. Helping verbs can be action verbs.
7. Verb phrases can have three helping verbs.
8, Verbs can be in contracted form.
9. State of being verbs show action.
10. Verbs are the most important words in a sentence.
Answers:
1. false
2. false
3. true
4. true
5. false
6. true
7. true
8. true
9. false
10. true
Find the verbs in the following sentences. They are action verbs.
The wolf ran across the sand.
Sit down.
The dog barked at the man.
Answer:
The verbs in the sentences are ran, sit, and barked. All three verbs are action verbs since they show action. Action verbs are the most common verbs.
**************************
Find the verbs in these sentences. These verbs will be state of being verbs.
My uncle is a pilot.
The pie looks good.
You seem upset.
Answer:
The verbs in the sentences are is, looks, and seem. These verbs are state of being or linking verbs. Some common linking verbs are is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, seem, look, feel, and become. They do not show action. They just show that something exists.
********************
Pick out the verbs in these sentences and tell whether they are action verbs or linking verbs.
Suddenly someone sneezed loudly.
There are holes in my shirt.
He appears happy.
The image appeared in the mirror.
Answer:
The verbs are sneezed, are, appears, and appeared. Sneezed and appeared are action verbs. Are and appears are linking or state of being verbs. Some verbs like appear can be either action or linking verbs. It depends on whether it shows action or not. Appears above is like saying seems which shows no action while appeared above shows the action of the image.
**************************
Sometimes a verb can be more than one word. When a verb is more than one word, it is called a verb phrase. Verb phrases can be two, three, or four words. Verb phrases are made by using auxiliary or helping verbs. What are the verb phrases in these sentences?
You are going to Seattle.
You have been resting too much.
We must be early.
I will be finished shortly.
Answer:
The verb phrases are are going, have been resting, must be, and will be finished. These sentences all have what are called auxiliary or helping verbs. I will refer to them as helping verbs. There are twenty-three (23) helping verbs that should be memorized since they are used so often. If you memorize them, it will make knowing and understanding verbs much easier. They are usually grouped in the following five groups:
Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
Group 2: has, have, had
Group 3: do, does, did
Group 4: shall, will, should, would
Group 5: may, might, must, can, could
***********************
Some of the helping verbs can be used alone as the main verb. Is, am, are, was, and were can be used alone as linking or state of being verbs. Has, have, had, do, does, and did always show action when used alone. Be, being, and been can be used with other verbs either to show action or state of being. The other helping verbs cannot be used alone but only as helping verbs.
Find the verb or verb phrases in these sentences.
She has too many friends.
You do beautiful work.
I was in Canada last week.
You are being very stubborn.
Answer:
The verb and verb phrases were has, do, was, and are being. Has and do are action verbs, and was and are being are state of being verbs.
**************************************************************
List the verbs or verb phrases in the sentences, and tell whether they are action verbs or state of being verbs. For extra credit, find the helping verbs.
1. Jim plays basketball.
2. They will return on the airplane.
3. Badger is a funny dog.
4. I have been here a long time.
5. I should have been playing the drum.
6. Go home.
Answers:
1. plays - action
2. will return - action
3. is - linking or state of being
4. have been - state of being
5. should have been playing - action
6. go - action
The helping verbs are will, have, should, have, and been. The been in sentence 4 is not a helping verb because it is the main verb. The last verb in a verb phrase is always the main verb.
********************
Pick out the verb phrases in the following sentences. Watch for the helping verbs.
I can understand his concern.
She must have told you ten times.
We shall go tomorrow.
The wind was howling all night.
Answer:
Can understand, must have told, shall go, and was howling are the verb phrases.
********************
The use of helping verbs causes certain changes in verb phrases that we need to be able to recognize. One change is the use of contractions. List the contractions in the following sentences.
I've done it again.
You aren't going with us.
She's staying to tend the kids.
Answer:
I’ve, aren’t, and she’s are contractions.
As mentioned before, it’s a good idea to memorize the helping verbs. If you haven’t memorized them, take a few minutes to learn them.
Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
Group 2: has, have, had
Group 3: do, does, did
Group 4: shall, will, should, would
Group 5: may, might, must, can, could
**************************
A helping verb may be connected with another word in a contracted form. The following sentences have verb phrases using contractions. Find the verb phrases in each sentence. Determine if the verb phases are action verbs or state of being verbs.
I've done it again.
You aren't going with us.
She's staying to tend the kids.
Answer:
The verb phrases are 've (have) done, are going, and 's (is) staying. Have and is are in contracted form. Are is connected to the contracted form of not. All three verb phrases are action verbs.
*************************
In sentences that are questions, the verb phrase is often separated by another word. Find the verb phrases in these sentences. Be sure to watch for another word separating the helping verb from the main verb.
Have you been driving long?
Where was the car parked?
Can I be of assistance?
Answer:
The verb phrases in the sentences are have been driving, was parked, and can be. The words separating the verb phrases are nouns and pronouns. This is very common in sentences that are questions. The first two verbs are action verbs, and the last verb is a state of being verb.
***************
Sometimes verb phrases are separated by words called adverbs. We will learn more about adverbs in later lessons. They are used often with verbs; however, they are not considered part of the verb phrase. What are the verb phrases in the three sentences? Are the verbs action verbs or state of being verbs?
You have not helped your father today.
I will soon be home.
The child had suddenly choked on the food.
Answer:
The verb phrases are have helped, will be, and had choked. The first and third sentences are action verbs, and the second sentence a state of being verb.
***********
Quiz:
List the verb phrases in the following sentences.
1. My wife is reading in the hammock under the tree.
2. The message can't be altered.
3. Somewhere a party is being planned.
4. Shouldn't I be a clown for Halloween?
5. I've run out of time.
Now write down as many of the twenty-three helping verbs as you can.
Answer:
The verb phrases are is reading, can be altered, is being planned, should be, and 've (have) run.
The twenty-three helping verbs are is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, and could.
************
Not and its contracted form n't are never part of the verb. Pick out the verb phrases in these sentences.
The game will not be finished for another hour.
The horse shouldn't have been worked so much.
Wouldn't you give me another chance?
Answer:
The verb phrases are will be finished, should have been worked, and would give. Not and n't are not part of the verb phrase. Verb phrases can have one, two or three helping verbs in them.
************************
Verb phrases with two or more helping verbs always keep a definite order. Most helping verbs can combine with other helping verbs but will not combine with all of them. Look at the examples below which are good combinations.
is being said, has been said, will be said, could have been said, may have said, had been said.
Now arrange the following helping verbs with the word in parentheses into a verb phrase. One of the helping verbs will not combine and must be left out.
Example: was, have, may (gone) = may have gone - was will not combine in this group.
1. am, will, being (fired)
2. been, could, does, have (learning)
3. might, do, have, been (sleeping)
4. must, were, be (discovered)
5. be, has, should (sold)
Answer:
1. am being fired
2. could have been learning
3. might have been sleeping
4. must be discovered
5. should be sold
*****************
We can change the form of a verb. (These changes in form are used in conjugations. We will talk about conjugations in later lessons.) For example, a verb can have an s added to it as in eat, eats or run, runs. Other changes could be eating, ate, or eaten for the verb eat. Run could be changed to running, or ran. Irregular verbs which we will cover later have several confusing changes.
Find the verb or verb phrases in these sentences. Take note of the different verb forms for come and sent.
I am coming in the morning.
I came as soon as possible.
She comes by every day.
Send me the package in the mail.
The new part was sent to me.
I am sending Jeff with the neighbors.
Answer:
The answers are am coming, came, comes, send, was sent, and am sending.
*******************
In this lesson pick out only the helping verbs used in the verb phrases.
1. He should have tried again.
2. The dog had suddenly come into the yard.
3. Has anyone taken out the trash?
4. Could they have been pointing at our car?
5. She's hoping for a call from her sister.
Answer:
1. should have
2. had
3. has
4. could have been
5. 's (is)
********************
Let's look at some sentences to review what we have learned. Remember that verbs either show action or state of being. Using helping verbs, we make verb phrases. Verb phrases may be separated by other words. Verb phrases follow a definite order and change form. Find the verb phrases and tell what kind of verbs they are.
I can understand your concern.
Is Mrs. Johanson going with you?
The rooms cannot be held any longer.
I haven't seen him for an hour.
Answer:
can understand - action
is going - action
can be held - action
have seen - action
******************
Answer each question true or false.
1. Verbs never change form.
2. A verb is never just one word.
3. Verb phrases keep a definite order.
4. There are twenty-three helping verbs.
5. Helping verbs cannot be the main verb.
6. Helping verbs can be action verbs.
7. Verb phrases can have three helping verbs.
8, Verbs can be in contracted form.
9. State of being verbs show action.
10. Verbs are the most important words in a sentence.
Answers:
1. false
2. false
3. true
4. true
5. false
6. true
7. true
8. true
9. false
10. true
Monday, October 27, 2008
Chemical Changes
Grade Level(s): 6, 7, 8
OVERVIEW: The students will compare different types of chemical changes.
PURPOSE: By doing the following demonstrations, students will gain an understanding of how chemical reactions produce new substances.
OBJECTIVE(s): STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
Tell what a chemical change is.
List some of the chemical properties of common materials.
Understand how chemical changes affect their lives.
Be aware of some of the dangers of chemical changes.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Chemical changes occur all the time in our daily lives. Chemical change causes a new substance to be formed from two or more different elements or compounds. Students need to have some understanding of elements and compounds when you do these experiments.
RESOURCES/MATERIALS:
You will need the following materials:
iodine
alcohol
starch
iron nail
yeast
sugar
milk
vinegar
toast
toaster
hot plate
small sauce pan
I usually catch students interest by doing a demonstration that show how explosive chemical changes can be. I put one half of an alkaseltzer tablet in an old plastic 35 mm film container. Add a small amount of water and put the lid on.
PLEASE MAKE SURE ALL STUDENTS ARE STANDING AWAY FROM THIS DEMONSTRATION, ALSO DON'T PUT THE CONTAINER DIRECTLY UNDER A LIGHT FIXTURE.
The following reaction will create some discussion. This is where I discuss the dangers of chemicals and their reactions.
ACTIVITIES AND PROCEDURES: You may choose to do the following as a class demonstration or if you choose you could have each student do the reactions. I believe it would be important for students to record observation and make some conclusions from those observations when they are done.
IF YOU CHOOSE TO LET EACH STUDENT DO THESE EXPERIMENTS, BE SURE THEY HAVE REVIEWED BASIC LAB SAFETY RULES. Listed below are some examples of materials and chemical changes that can be demonstrated with them. Discuss chemical changes developed by you or the students during the experiments. Be sure to discuss with the students how these chemical reactions affect their lives during or right after the demonstrations and/or experiments.
Add the following materials to each other to create the desired chemical reaction:
Material Chemical Changes
iodine changes to brown in alcohol change to blue in starch
wood ashes make into potash, water released
toast burn until charcoal
iron rusting of iron with water
lime quick lime changes to slaked lime
yeast forming of carbon dioxide in water
sugar heat changes to caramel
milk add vinegar to curdle
******************************
OVERVIEW: The students will compare different types of chemical changes.
PURPOSE: By doing the following demonstrations, students will gain an understanding of how chemical reactions produce new substances.
OBJECTIVE(s): STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
Tell what a chemical change is.
List some of the chemical properties of common materials.
Understand how chemical changes affect their lives.
Be aware of some of the dangers of chemical changes.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Chemical changes occur all the time in our daily lives. Chemical change causes a new substance to be formed from two or more different elements or compounds. Students need to have some understanding of elements and compounds when you do these experiments.
RESOURCES/MATERIALS:
You will need the following materials:
iodine
alcohol
starch
iron nail
yeast
sugar
milk
vinegar
toast
toaster
hot plate
small sauce pan
I usually catch students interest by doing a demonstration that show how explosive chemical changes can be. I put one half of an alkaseltzer tablet in an old plastic 35 mm film container. Add a small amount of water and put the lid on.
PLEASE MAKE SURE ALL STUDENTS ARE STANDING AWAY FROM THIS DEMONSTRATION, ALSO DON'T PUT THE CONTAINER DIRECTLY UNDER A LIGHT FIXTURE.
The following reaction will create some discussion. This is where I discuss the dangers of chemicals and their reactions.
ACTIVITIES AND PROCEDURES: You may choose to do the following as a class demonstration or if you choose you could have each student do the reactions. I believe it would be important for students to record observation and make some conclusions from those observations when they are done.
IF YOU CHOOSE TO LET EACH STUDENT DO THESE EXPERIMENTS, BE SURE THEY HAVE REVIEWED BASIC LAB SAFETY RULES. Listed below are some examples of materials and chemical changes that can be demonstrated with them. Discuss chemical changes developed by you or the students during the experiments. Be sure to discuss with the students how these chemical reactions affect their lives during or right after the demonstrations and/or experiments.
Add the following materials to each other to create the desired chemical reaction:
Material Chemical Changes
iodine changes to brown in alcohol change to blue in starch
wood ashes make into potash, water released
toast burn until charcoal
iron rusting of iron with water
lime quick lime changes to slaked lime
yeast forming of carbon dioxide in water
sugar heat changes to caramel
milk add vinegar to curdle
******************************
Friday, October 24, 2008
Science
Here is some great websites to learn about the human body and the 5 senses. Good for grades k-8.
The Human Body
The senses
The Human Body
The senses
Pronouns
Parts of Speech - Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or a group of words used as a noun. Pronouns are classified in five (5) different categories. They are personal pronouns, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Some pronouns can appear in more than one classification. How the pronoun is used in the sentence determines its classification. In the next two weeks we will study the five kinds of pronouns.
Personal pronouns refer to (1) the speaker or speakers, which is called first person, and include the following pronouns: I, my, mine, me, myself, we, our, ours, us, ourselves; (2) those spoken to, which is called second person, and include the following pronouns: you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves; or (3) those spoken about, which is called third person, and includes the following pronouns: he, his, him, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its, itself, they, their, theirs, them, themselves. Personal pronouns can be singular (one) or plural (two or more) just as verbs and nouns.
Find the personal pronouns in these sentences.
1. She hit him on his head.
2. I saw you at your store.
3. He himself will be our new friend.
4. It will be hard for me to see you.
5. They always get angry at her and me.
Answers
1. She, him, his
2. I, you, your
3. He, himself, our
4. It, me, you
5. They, her, me
Pronouns
The word for which the pronoun stands is called its antecedent. It may be in the same sentence, in a previous sentence, or not given at all. An example would be The boy threw the football. He threw it over the fence. Boy is the antecedent for he, and football is the antecedent for it. A pronoun can be an antecedent for another pronoun. He likes his new car. He is the antecedent for his. The antecedent always comes before the pronoun for which it is the antecedent.
Pick out the pronouns and their antecedents in these sentences.
1. He ran after his dad.
2. Jennie wanted her doll for bedtime.
3. The rabbit hopped into its hole.
4. They will help you with your work themselves.
5. The teacher gave us homework everyday, and she made our lives miserable.
Answers
1. He is the antecedent for his.
2. Jennie is the antecedent for her.
3. Rabbit is the antecedent for its.
4. They is the antecedent for themselves, and you is the antecedent for your.
5. Teacher is the antecedent for she, and us is the antecedent for our.
Pronouns
Some personal pronouns are called possessives because they show whose something is. They are the following pronouns: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, and theirs. An example would be The money is mine. Mine tells whose money it is.
Find the possessive pronouns in the following sentences.
1. The new car is his.
2. Yours will be here tomorrow.
3. I like theirs best.
4. Should we go for a ride in his or hers.
Answers
1. his
2. yours
3. theirs
4. his, hers
Pronouns
The personal pronouns myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, and themselves are compound personal pronouns combining the personal pronoun with self or selves. They are used as reflexive pronouns . Carl hurt himself is an example of a reflexive pronoun.
Find the reflexive pronouns in these sentences.
1. I should understand myself better.
2. Ann bought herself two new hamsters.
3. They can't help themselves.
4. The boy cut himself on the broken glass.
Answers
1. myself
2. herself
3. themselves
4. himself
Pronouns
The personal pronouns myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, and themselves can also be used as intensive pronouns. An example would be Carl himself won the race.
Find the intensive pronouns in these sentences.
1. We ourselves went to the movie.
2. The man himself wrestled the alligator.
3. Jeanne herself gave us the gift.
4. They themselves had played until dark.
Answers
1. ourselves
2. himself
3. herself
4. themselves
Quiz
Find the personal pronouns. Tell if they are intensive, reflexive or possessive, and if they have an antecedent, name it.
1. I want you yourself to come tomorrow.
2. The decision itself is yours to make.
3. She gave herself up to the police.
4. My brother gave me his pet snake.
5. You can tie your shoe by yourself.
Answers
1. I, you and yourself are pronouns. Yourself is intensive and you is its antecedent.
2. Itself and yours are pronouns. Itself is intensive, and yours is possessive. Decision is the antecedent for itself.
3. She and herself are pronouns. Herself is reflexive and has she as the antecedent.
4. My, me and his are pronouns. My and his are possessives, and brother is the antecedent of his.
5. You, your and yourself are pronouns. Yourself is a reflexive pronoun, and you is the antecedent for your and yourself. Your is possessive.
Pronouns
Relative pronouns join dependent clauses to independent clauses. They are who, whose, whom, which, and that. For example, He found his money that he had lost. That joins the two clauses together into one sentence. Clauses will be taught in detail later.
Find the relative pronouns in the sentences, and see how many other pronouns you can find as a bonus.
1. I want the house, which is brick.
2. Jack ordered the meal that we picked up.
3. Freddie is the girl who won the contest.
4. Jon is a man on whom I can rely.
5. The student whose answer was wrong turned bright red.
Answers
1. Which is the relative pronoun, and I is also a pronoun.
2. That is the relative pronoun, and we is also a pronoun.
3. Who is the relative pronoun.
4. Whom is the relative pronoun, and I is also a pronoun.
5. Whose is the relative pronoun.
Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point out. They are this, that, these, and those. That is my hat. I like these not those.
Find the demonstrative pronouns in these sentences.
1. That is a great idea.
2. I will take those.
3. How much money do you want for this?
4. These are the shoes I want.
Answers
1. that
2. those
3. this
4. these
Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not point out specifically. They point out generally. They include such words as another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, others, some, somebody, and someone.
Find the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.
1. Everybody loves someone sometime.
2. Both of the students should hand in everything they have completed.
3. I didn't see anyone I knew.
4. If no one helps others, nothing gets done.
5. Somebody said that one should touch neither of them.
Answers
1. everybody, someone
2. both, everything
3. anyone
4. no one, others
5. somebody, one, neither
Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns ask questions. Who, whom, whose, which, and what are interrogative pronouns.
Find the interrogative pronouns in these sentences.
1. What is that?
2. Who is going with me?
3. Which is the right answer?
4. Whose was right?
5. To whom did you want to speak?
Answers
1. what
2. who
3. which
4. whose
5. whom
This lesson is a review of the five kinds of pronouns.
Find each pronoun and tell what kind it is. It is either personal, relative, demonstrative, indefinite, or interrogative.
1. From whom did you get that?
2. Neither of my brothers would read me the story.
3. You need someone who will be kind to others.
4. What does this have to do with me?
5. I liked the play that you hated.
Answers
1. whom - interrogative, you - personal, that - demonstrative
2. neither - indefinite, my - personal, me - personal
3. you - personal, someone - indefinite, who - relative, others - indefinite
4. what - interrogative, this - demonstrative, me - personal
5. I - personal, that - relative, you - personal
Quiz
Find each pronoun. Tell if it is personal, relative, demonstrative, indefinite or interrogative. List the antecedent if there is one. For each personal pronoun tell if it is possessive, intensive, or reflexive.
1. He himself had helped my mother do something.
2. Which is the right room for this?
3. These are mine. Whose are these?
4. This is the book that I would recommend to you.
5. Everyone has talents. Some have many. No one has none.
6. He found himself lost in his dream.
7. I myself heard him blame himself in front of everybody.
8. Neither of them has anyone who will help us.
9. Who would have guessed that that was wrong?
Answers
1. he - personal, himself - personal, intensive, my - personal, possessive. He is the antecedent for himself. (something is a noun)
2. Which - interrogative, this - demonstrative
3. These - demonstrative, mine - personal, possessive, Whose - interrogative, these - demonstrative
4. this - demonstrative, that - relative, I - personal, you - personal
5. everyone, some, many, no one, none - all are indefinite
6. he - personal, himself - personal, reflexive, his - personal. He is the antecedent for himself and his.
7. I - personal, myself - personal, intensive, him - personal, himself - personal, reflexive, everybody - indefinite. I is the antecedent for myself, and him is the antecedent for himself.
8. neither - indefinite, them - personal, anyone - indefinite, who - relative, us - personal
9. who - interrogative, that - relative, that - demonstrative
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or a group of words used as a noun. Pronouns are classified in five (5) different categories. They are personal pronouns, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Some pronouns can appear in more than one classification. How the pronoun is used in the sentence determines its classification. In the next two weeks we will study the five kinds of pronouns.
Personal pronouns refer to (1) the speaker or speakers, which is called first person, and include the following pronouns: I, my, mine, me, myself, we, our, ours, us, ourselves; (2) those spoken to, which is called second person, and include the following pronouns: you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves; or (3) those spoken about, which is called third person, and includes the following pronouns: he, his, him, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its, itself, they, their, theirs, them, themselves. Personal pronouns can be singular (one) or plural (two or more) just as verbs and nouns.
Find the personal pronouns in these sentences.
1. She hit him on his head.
2. I saw you at your store.
3. He himself will be our new friend.
4. It will be hard for me to see you.
5. They always get angry at her and me.
Answers
1. She, him, his
2. I, you, your
3. He, himself, our
4. It, me, you
5. They, her, me
Pronouns
The word for which the pronoun stands is called its antecedent. It may be in the same sentence, in a previous sentence, or not given at all. An example would be The boy threw the football. He threw it over the fence. Boy is the antecedent for he, and football is the antecedent for it. A pronoun can be an antecedent for another pronoun. He likes his new car. He is the antecedent for his. The antecedent always comes before the pronoun for which it is the antecedent.
Pick out the pronouns and their antecedents in these sentences.
1. He ran after his dad.
2. Jennie wanted her doll for bedtime.
3. The rabbit hopped into its hole.
4. They will help you with your work themselves.
5. The teacher gave us homework everyday, and she made our lives miserable.
Answers
1. He is the antecedent for his.
2. Jennie is the antecedent for her.
3. Rabbit is the antecedent for its.
4. They is the antecedent for themselves, and you is the antecedent for your.
5. Teacher is the antecedent for she, and us is the antecedent for our.
Pronouns
Some personal pronouns are called possessives because they show whose something is. They are the following pronouns: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, and theirs. An example would be The money is mine. Mine tells whose money it is.
Find the possessive pronouns in the following sentences.
1. The new car is his.
2. Yours will be here tomorrow.
3. I like theirs best.
4. Should we go for a ride in his or hers.
Answers
1. his
2. yours
3. theirs
4. his, hers
Pronouns
The personal pronouns myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, and themselves are compound personal pronouns combining the personal pronoun with self or selves. They are used as reflexive pronouns . Carl hurt himself is an example of a reflexive pronoun.
Find the reflexive pronouns in these sentences.
1. I should understand myself better.
2. Ann bought herself two new hamsters.
3. They can't help themselves.
4. The boy cut himself on the broken glass.
Answers
1. myself
2. herself
3. themselves
4. himself
Pronouns
The personal pronouns myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, and themselves can also be used as intensive pronouns. An example would be Carl himself won the race.
Find the intensive pronouns in these sentences.
1. We ourselves went to the movie.
2. The man himself wrestled the alligator.
3. Jeanne herself gave us the gift.
4. They themselves had played until dark.
Answers
1. ourselves
2. himself
3. herself
4. themselves
Quiz
Find the personal pronouns. Tell if they are intensive, reflexive or possessive, and if they have an antecedent, name it.
1. I want you yourself to come tomorrow.
2. The decision itself is yours to make.
3. She gave herself up to the police.
4. My brother gave me his pet snake.
5. You can tie your shoe by yourself.
Answers
1. I, you and yourself are pronouns. Yourself is intensive and you is its antecedent.
2. Itself and yours are pronouns. Itself is intensive, and yours is possessive. Decision is the antecedent for itself.
3. She and herself are pronouns. Herself is reflexive and has she as the antecedent.
4. My, me and his are pronouns. My and his are possessives, and brother is the antecedent of his.
5. You, your and yourself are pronouns. Yourself is a reflexive pronoun, and you is the antecedent for your and yourself. Your is possessive.
Pronouns
Relative pronouns join dependent clauses to independent clauses. They are who, whose, whom, which, and that. For example, He found his money that he had lost. That joins the two clauses together into one sentence. Clauses will be taught in detail later.
Find the relative pronouns in the sentences, and see how many other pronouns you can find as a bonus.
1. I want the house, which is brick.
2. Jack ordered the meal that we picked up.
3. Freddie is the girl who won the contest.
4. Jon is a man on whom I can rely.
5. The student whose answer was wrong turned bright red.
Answers
1. Which is the relative pronoun, and I is also a pronoun.
2. That is the relative pronoun, and we is also a pronoun.
3. Who is the relative pronoun.
4. Whom is the relative pronoun, and I is also a pronoun.
5. Whose is the relative pronoun.
Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point out. They are this, that, these, and those. That is my hat. I like these not those.
Find the demonstrative pronouns in these sentences.
1. That is a great idea.
2. I will take those.
3. How much money do you want for this?
4. These are the shoes I want.
Answers
1. that
2. those
3. this
4. these
Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not point out specifically. They point out generally. They include such words as another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, others, some, somebody, and someone.
Find the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.
1. Everybody loves someone sometime.
2. Both of the students should hand in everything they have completed.
3. I didn't see anyone I knew.
4. If no one helps others, nothing gets done.
5. Somebody said that one should touch neither of them.
Answers
1. everybody, someone
2. both, everything
3. anyone
4. no one, others
5. somebody, one, neither
Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns ask questions. Who, whom, whose, which, and what are interrogative pronouns.
Find the interrogative pronouns in these sentences.
1. What is that?
2. Who is going with me?
3. Which is the right answer?
4. Whose was right?
5. To whom did you want to speak?
Answers
1. what
2. who
3. which
4. whose
5. whom
This lesson is a review of the five kinds of pronouns.
Find each pronoun and tell what kind it is. It is either personal, relative, demonstrative, indefinite, or interrogative.
1. From whom did you get that?
2. Neither of my brothers would read me the story.
3. You need someone who will be kind to others.
4. What does this have to do with me?
5. I liked the play that you hated.
Answers
1. whom - interrogative, you - personal, that - demonstrative
2. neither - indefinite, my - personal, me - personal
3. you - personal, someone - indefinite, who - relative, others - indefinite
4. what - interrogative, this - demonstrative, me - personal
5. I - personal, that - relative, you - personal
Quiz
Find each pronoun. Tell if it is personal, relative, demonstrative, indefinite or interrogative. List the antecedent if there is one. For each personal pronoun tell if it is possessive, intensive, or reflexive.
1. He himself had helped my mother do something.
2. Which is the right room for this?
3. These are mine. Whose are these?
4. This is the book that I would recommend to you.
5. Everyone has talents. Some have many. No one has none.
6. He found himself lost in his dream.
7. I myself heard him blame himself in front of everybody.
8. Neither of them has anyone who will help us.
9. Who would have guessed that that was wrong?
Answers
1. he - personal, himself - personal, intensive, my - personal, possessive. He is the antecedent for himself. (something is a noun)
2. Which - interrogative, this - demonstrative
3. These - demonstrative, mine - personal, possessive, Whose - interrogative, these - demonstrative
4. this - demonstrative, that - relative, I - personal, you - personal
5. everyone, some, many, no one, none - all are indefinite
6. he - personal, himself - personal, reflexive, his - personal. He is the antecedent for himself and his.
7. I - personal, myself - personal, intensive, him - personal, himself - personal, reflexive, everybody - indefinite. I is the antecedent for myself, and him is the antecedent for himself.
8. neither - indefinite, them - personal, anyone - indefinite, who - relative, us - personal
9. who - interrogative, that - relative, that - demonstrative
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