A noun is a person, place, or thing. If the noun is the name of a person or place it is called a proper noun. A proper noun is always capitalized.
Look at the words. Decide if they are a person, place, or thing. Put them in the correct space in the chart below.
ball
Peter
kitchen
Africa
bike
clock
park
school
teacher
doctor
computer
desk
grass
England
mother
foot
squirrel
king
palace
bridge
Person ********Place ******** Thing ********
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
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A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
For example: Linda is a pretty girl. She is a pretty girl. The pronoun "she" takes the place of the noun "Linda".
Look at the pronouns in the box.
anybody, everybody, he, her, herself, him, himself, his,
I, it, its, itself, me, my, oneself, our, ourselves, she,
somebody, their, theirs, they, us, we, you, yourself.
Read the sentences below. Circle the noun and replace it by writing a pronoun above the word.
1. Mrs. Owens wrote on the chalkboard.
__________________________________________________________
2. Mr. Owens is a principal.
__________________________________________________________
3. Sandy likes to draw pictures.
__________________________________________________________
4. Let's go to Mike's house.
__________________________________________________________
5. Children like to play outside when it is warm.
_________________________________________________________
Write some sentences of your own using pronouns. Circle the pronoun.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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Verbs may be divided into three types:
A.Action verbs - show an action -- either physical or mental
Examples:
Smith catches the ball. (catches shows a physical action)
Smith imagines great things. (imagines shows a mental action)
Smith is wearing good clothes. (is wearing shows a physical action)
B.Verbs of being (forms of be) - show a state of existence
Examples:
Am, is, are, were, was,
be, being, been
have, has, had
do, does, did
may, might, must
can - could
shall - should
will- would
Smith is strange. (is shows a state of existence)
Smith will always be my friend. (will be shows a state of existence)
Smith has been here for a week. (has been shows a state of existence)
Smith was away last week. (was shows a state of existence)
C.Linking verbs: A linking verb links the subject to some other word in the sentence.
1. Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
2. verbs of seeming and becoming
3. verbs of sensing: taste, feel, smell, sound, look, appear.
Examples:
1. That compost smells good.
The linking verb is “smells.” It connects “compost” to “good,” the predicate adjective.
2. After the compost was devoured, the raccoon felt nauseated.
The linking verb is “felt,” connecting the “raccoon” to the predicate adjective, “nauseated.”
3. He became deathly ill.
The linking verb is “became.” It connects “he” to the predicate adjective, “deathly ill.”
NOTE: Most linking verbs can also be used as action verbs.
Look at the words below. Circle the words that are action
verbs. Underline the words that show state of being.
were -----run ----- will be ------jump
shine----- skip ----- sing ------- is
could ----- has ----- drive ------ draw
listen ----- write ---- was ------- cut
wash -------- comb ----- have been ----- slide
Use the words above to write sentences. Underline
the verb you use in each sentence.
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________
7.______________________________________________
8.______________________________________________
9.______________________________________________
10._____________________________________________
11._____________________________________________
12.______________________________________________
13._____________________________________________
14._____________________________________________
15._____________________________________________
16._____________________________________________
17._____________________________________________
18._____________________________________________
19._____________________________________________
20._____________________________________________
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An adjective is a word that describes a noun. For example: The hungry tiger. The word "hungry" describes the noun "tiger."
Adjectives answer these questions:
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
How much?
Look at the sentences below. Circle the adjectives. Some sentences have more than one adjective. For example: The soft green caterpillar crawled up my arm. The adjectives soft and green describe the caterpillar.
1. The hot sun was heating the earth.
2. The cute girl wore a yellow dress.
3. The mean king wouldn't share his riches.
4. The bright red coat could be seen from blocks away.
5. The furry brown gorilla was hungry.
Brainstorm some adjectives. Write them in the box below.
Adjectives --------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
Write some sentences using your adjectives. Circle the adjectives.
1. ___________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________
4.____________________________________________________
5.____________________________________________________
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Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs,
adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs answer the questions...
Where?, When?, How?, How Often?, To what extent?
Use adverbs to make your writing more interesting.
Adverb Worksheet
Adverbs describe verbs. They tell how, when, and where things happen.
Direction: Circle the adverb in each sentence and does the adverb tell how, when, or where.
1. The mail carrier finally arrived. __________
2. We ran out to meet her.__________
3. Maggie clapped her hands excitedly. _________
4. I quickly opened the gold envelope. __________
5. Then Maggie read the letter.__________
6. "We won the contest!" she shouted proudly.__________
7. He keeps his collection upstairs. _________
8. He works on it often. __________
9. Sometimes friends send Butch new stamps. _______
10. He buys unusual stamps downtown. _________
Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify.
Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).
Find the adverbs in the following sentences and what they tell us.
1. Paul answered the question quickly.
2. The answer was given too softly.
3. I soon understood what he said yesterday.
4. Becky and Pam wanted to know then and there.
5. Why do we misunderstand others so often?
Answers
1. quickly (how)
2. too (how much), softly (how)
3. soon (when), yesterday (when)
4. then (when), there (where)
5. why (why), so (how much), often (when)
Most adverbs are formed from adjectives. Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjective.
Example: slow - slowly
Change the following adjectives to adverbs.
1. fierce
2. quick
3. large
4. useful
5. equal
Answers
1. fiercely
2. quickly
3. largely
4. usefully
5. equally
Adverbs like adjectives can be compared. They have the same three degrees (1) positive - one thing or person, (2) comparative - two things or persons, and (3) superlative - more than two things or persons. Most adverbs formed from adjectives use more or most to express comparisons.
Example: slowly, more slowly, most slowly
Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adverbs.
1. softly
2. lazily
3. heavily
4. comfortably
5. quietly
Answers
1. softly, more softly, most softly
2. lazily, more lazily, most lazily
3. heavily, more heavily, most heavily
4. comfortably, more comfortably, most comfortably
5. quietly, more quietly, most quietly
Since there has been some confusion about adverbs, I think we need a few more lessons about adverbs. We need to memorize what adverbs tell us and what they modify. We must always remember this basic information to handle them correctly.
Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify.
Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).
The following sentences have adverbs that tell us how, and they modify the verb. Find the adverbs in these sentences and tell what they modify.
1. Joe was frantically mumbling to the 911 operator.
2. The message was secretly hidden in the cushion.
3. The room was decorated beautifully for the wedding.
4. The spy readily accepted the new assignment.
5. He was carefully disguised but captured quickly by police.
Answers
1. frantically modifying the verb was mumbling
2. secretly modifying the verb was hidden
3. beautifully modifying the verb was decorated
4. readily modifying the verb accepted
5. carefully modifying the verb was disguised and quickly modifying the verb was captured (was is a helping verb to both main verbs)
Often people confuse the use of some adverbs and some adjectives. The next few lessons will cover some of the common mistakes. Remember that adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
This lesson will be about the use of the adjective sure and the adverbs surely, certainly, and really. Use sure only when one of these three adverbs does not make sense.
Examples: Jim is sure he is right. Surely he is right.
Choose the correct form for each of these sentences.
1. You seem very (surely, sure) of yourself.
2. Ila (surely, sure) is tired from work.
3. The milk (surely, sure) tastes sour.
4. Are you (surely, sure) this is the right road?
5. This story (surely, sure) is exciting.
Answers
1. sure
2. surely
3. surely
4. sure
5. surely
(Each answer in which you used surely could be substituted with the other adverbs really and certainly and still make sense.)
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A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. A preposition must always have an object. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object, and may have modifiers between the proposition and object of the preposition.
Here is a list of common words that can be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.
These words can be used as other parts of speech. What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence. Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs. Words are prepositions if they have an object to complete them. To decide which it is say the preposition followed by whom or what. If a noun or a pronoun answers the question, the word is a preposition.
Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition. Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between.
Find the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.
1. Jim painted a picture on the wall of the house.
2. I like to lie in the shade of the apricot tree and think of the jobs for the day.
3. The dog jumped over the mound behind the barn and ran into the street.
4. Everyone but you will need a note from home with parental permission.
5. Around the yard for miles, you could see nothing except junk.
Answers
1. on the wall, of the house
2. in the shade, of the apricot tree, of the jobs, for the day
3. over the mound, behind the barn, into the street.
4. but you, from home, with parental permission
5. around the yard, for miles, except junk
Find the prepositions in these sentences. Remember that a preposition must have an object to complete it.
1. I like the color of the curtain on the window.
2. Jane walked along in the rain during the shower.
3. Hang the picture up or set it down behind the couch.
4. Eric was shining his light around in the car beside us.
5. The bird swooped down, picked up the mouse, and landed on the fence.
Answers
1. of, on - because they have objects
2. in, during
3. behind
4. in, beside
5. on - (up appears to have an object, but really it is telling how or where the bird picked the mouse. You are really saying "The bird picked the mouse up.")
Combine the two sentences into one sentence using a prepositional phrase. Example: The ice melted. The ice was in the glass. Combined: The ice in the glass melted.
1. My dog is named Badger. He is in the garden area.
2. The sunset was beautiful. The sunset was in the west.
3. The grass is dead. The grass is near the road.
4. That girl is my best friend. She lives across the street.
5. I talked to that man. He is in my club.
Answers
1. My dog in the garden area is named Badger
2. The sunset in the west was beautiful.
3. The grass near the road is dead.
4. That girl across the street is my best friend.
5. I talked to that man in my club.
Combine the sentences into one sentence using prepositional phrases. Example: The band marched. They marched across the football field. The band marched across the football field.
1. The runner jogged. He jogged around the park.
2. I found my money. It was under the mattress.
3. She looked around. She was in the store.
4. The students performed well. The performance was for the school play.
5. The man walked home. He was walking from work.
Answers
1. The runner jogged around the park. or Around the park the runner jogged.
2. I found my money under the mattress. or Under the mattress I found my money.
3. She looked around in the store. or In the store she looked around.
4. The students performed well for the school play. or For the school play the students performed well.
5. The man walked home from work. or The man walked from work home. or From work the man walked home.
Tell which of the italicized words are prepositions. Remember that prepositions must have an object.
1. Come in and sit down with me.
2. He climbed up on the ladder and through the window.
3. Mrs. Jones came by at suppertime but not since.
4. The firefighter crawled along with the child who was near death.
5. Since no noise came from the building, he walked away.
Answers
1. with
2. on, through
3. at
4. with, near
5. from
Find the prepositional phrases in these sentences. Remember the object must be a noun or a pronoun.
1. Joe came out in a real hurry.
2. The wind arrived before the storm.
3. The tiger leaped over the wall and into the bushes.
4. The boy with the skateboard hurried down the street and into the building.
5. I took a trip to Canada and Mexico.
6. My wife traveled to the glaciers of the Grand Tetons.
7. By the light of the silvery moon, the man on his knees begged for forgiveness.
8. Under the shade of the apple tree, I read my book in peace.
9. She had lost the name of the book about airplanes.
10. The sentences in this lesson are difficult for me to write.
Answers
1. in a real hurry
2. before the storm
3. over the wall, into the bushes
4. with the skateboard, down the street, into the building
5. to Canada and Mexico
6. to the glaciers, of the Grand Tetons
7. by the light, of the silvery moon, on his knees, for forgiveness
8. under the shade, of the apple tree, in peace
9. of the book, about airplanes
10. in this lesson, for me
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A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases (groups of words), or clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb). Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank. There are two kinds: simple and correlative. Subordinate conjunctions join dependent clauses to independent clauses. I will refer to them simply as co-ordinate, correlative, and subordinate.
The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet. (For and yet can only join clauses.)
The correlative conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.
Some common subordinate conjunctions are after, although, as, as if, because, before, if, since, so that, than, unless, until, when, where, while.
The co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions should be memorized since they are common and few in number.
Find the co-ordinate conjunctions which are joining words in the following sentences and the words that are joined.
1. Jeff and I mowed all the lawns.
2. Grandpa is a slow but strong person.
3. Our guest will be Jeanne or Barbara.
4. I did not like nor appreciate your actions.
5. You or I must do the dishes.
Answers
1. and - joining Jeff/I
2. but - joining slow/strong
3. or - joining Jeanne/Barbara
4. nor - joining like/appreciate
5. or - joining You/I
A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases (groups of words), or clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb). Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet. (For and yet can only join clauses.)
Find the co-ordinate conjunctions which are joining phrases in these sentences and the phrases that are joined.
1. The girls ran up the path and over the hill.
2. I became ill by eating the food and stuffing myself.
3. Meet me by the fountain or near the train station.
4. He should have arrived or will be arriving soon.
5. Joe had promised to come but did not keep his promise.
Answers
1. and - joining up the path/over the hill
2. and - joining eating the food/stuffing myself
3. or - joining by the fountain/near the train station
4. or - joining should have arrived/will be arriving
5. but - joining had promised/did keep
A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases (groups of words), or clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb). Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet. (For and yet can only join clauses.)
Find the co-ordinate conjunctions which are joining clauses in these sentences.
1. I do not like the idea, yet I will help.
2. The trip was a delight for us, for we had a great time.
3. The mail has not arrived, nor will it come today.
4. I will speak the truth, or I will not work for you.
5. Mom likes Christmas, but Dad likes Halloween.
6. Ann washes the walls, and Pam vacuums the carpet.
Answers
1. yet
2. for
3. nor
4. or
5. but
6. and
A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases (groups of words), or clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb). Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet. (For and yet can only join clauses.)
Find the co-ordinate conjunctions in these sentences and tell if they are joining words, phrases, or clauses.
1. Will and I went to the game, but Jeff and Jim went swimming.
2. I will go, but I will stay in the hotel or in the waiting room.
3. The men work through the day and into the night.
4. The message will be sent tomorrow or the next day and will arrive in time for the event.
5. He would not help, nor would he allow me to help.
Answers
1. and (words), but (clauses), and (words)
2. but (clauses), or (phrases)
3. and (phrases)
4. or (words), and (phrases)
5. nor (clauses)
A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases (groups of words), or clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb). Correlative conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
The correlative conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.
Find the correlative conjunctions joining words in the following sentences.
1. Either you or I will have to move.
2. I like neither writing nor reading.
3. Your work is both neat and accurate.
4. The meal is not only delicious but also nutritious.
5. The little boy didn't know whether to cry or not.
Answers
1. either-or
2. neither-nor
3. both-and
4. not only-but also
5. whether-or
A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet. (For and yet can only join clauses.)
The correlative conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.
Find the co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions in these sentences.
1. The boys and the girls not only like but also adore both the puppies and the kittens.
2. My mother or my father will come to see you either today or tomorrow.
3. Neither the plane nor the train would arrive on time.
4. Both the man and his friend came down the hall and went into the room.
5. The cook didn't know whether to bake or to mash the potatoes for supper.
6. I didn't win the race, but I didn't care.
7. The trip will take us through the hills and across the valleys.
8. Canada is both beautiful and cold, but I like to visit there.
9. Jeff and Jim are brothers, yet they are not alike.
10. Carl likes to eat and sleep but not work.
Answers
1. and, not only-but also, both-and
2. or, either-or
3. neither-nor
4. both-and, and
5. whether-or
6. but
7. and
8. both-and, but
9. and, yet
10. and, but
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An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections:
Ouch, that hurt!
Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today.
Hey! Put that down!
I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a new car, eh?"
I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are too high!
Please circle the interjections in the following sentences. What emotion do you think is expressed?
1. Oh! The baby walked!
2. Sh! Mark is taking a math test.
3. Bravo! Your paper is perfect!
4. Whew! I am worn out.
5. Darn! I can't find the picture.
Please supply an interjection and the proper punctuation.
1. _____________________ How did you skin your knee?
2. _____________________ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci is breathtaking.
3. _____________________ That step is loose.
4. _____________________ I'm finally finished.
5. _____________________ It's snowing!
Review: Parts of speech
Please define:
Noun --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Pronoun --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Verb --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Adjective --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Adverb --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Preposition --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Conjunction --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Interjection --
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Please identify parts of speech for each word in the sentences below. Write the correct letter(s) neatly above each word.
N-Noun
P-Pronoun
V-Verb
Adj-Adjective
Adv-Adverb
P-Preposition
C-Conjunction
I-Interjection
1. The little dog ran.
2. Oh! You scared me!
3. The snow fell softly.
4. God made us.
5. Pat and Joe quickly raked the leaves.
6. With great joy, Mom and Dad welcomed the new baby.
7. The boys fished in the gurgling stream.
8. Mary finished her reading assignment.
9. The earth travels around the sun.
10. I like humorous stories.
11. Math or English is my favorite subject.
Answers
Noun--name of any person, place or thing
Pronoun--a word used in place of a noun
Verb--a word that tell what someone or something does (An older students should know "A verb is an action word or word of being.")
Adjective--a word used to describe a noun
Adverb--a word that modifies a verb (An older child-- "An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.")
Preposition--a preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship to some other word in the sentence
Conjunction--a word used to connect other words (Older child--"A conjunction is a word used to connect words*, phrases or clauses in a sentence.")
Interjection--an interjection is a word that expresses strong or sudden emotion
N-Noun
P-Pronoun
V-Verb
Adj-Adjective
Adv-Adverb
P-Preposition
C-Conjunction
I-Interjection
1. The--Adj
little--Adj
dog--N
ran--V
2. Oh!--I
You--P
scared--V
me!--P
3. The--Adj
snow--N
fell--V
softly--Adv
4. God--N
made--V
us--P
5. Pat--N
and--C
Joe--N
quickly--Adv
raked--V
the--Adj
leaves--N
6. With--P
great--Adj
joy--N
Mom--N
and--C
Dad--N
welcomed--V
the--Adj
new--Adj
baby--N
7. The--Adj
boys--N
fished--V
in--P
the--Adj
gurgling--Adj
stream--N
8. Mary--N
finished--V
the--Adj
reading--Adj
assignment--N
9. The--Adj
earth--N
travels--V
around--P
the--Adj
sun--N
10. I--P
like--V
humorous--Adj
stories--N
11. Math--N
or--C
English--N
is--V
my--Adj
favorite--Adj
subject--N
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